I recently finished Odd Arne Westad’s The Coming Storm: Power, Conflict, and Warnings from History. Westad, the Elihu Professor of History and Global Affairs at Yale University, is one of the leading historians of modern international and global history, with deep expertise in China, Asia, and the long arc of global power shifts. His new book lands at a moment when history feels less like a subject we study and more like a force pressing against the present.

The central warning of the book is both simple and unsettling: the world may be moving into conditions that resemble the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when great powers competed for position, nationalism intensified, new technologies altered the meaning of conflict, and leaders misread both their rivals and their own capacity to control events. Westad does not argue that history repeats itself in some mechanical way. That would be too easy and, frankly, too dangerous. His deeper point is that history reveals patterns. It shows us the conditions under which systems become brittle, leaders become reckless, publics become anxious, and events begin to move faster than institutions can absorb.